OBLITERATIVE - ترجمة إلى العربية
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OBLITERATIVE - ترجمة إلى العربية

FORM OF CAMOUFLAGE
Thayer’s Law; Counter shading; Thayer's Law; Countershaded; Reverse countershading; Self-shading; Obliterative camouflage; Obliterative coloration; Upside-down camouflage; Countershade; Counter-shading; Counter- shade; Counter shaded
  • A 1917 photograph of a countershading study by Thayer, who became obsessed by the mistaken idea that all animals are countershaded.<ref>Forbes, 2009. pp. 76–79.</ref>
  • Countershading acts as a form of [[camouflage]] by 'painting out' the self-shadowing of the body or object. The result is a 'flat' appearance, instead of the 'solid' appearance (with visual convexity) of the body before countershading.
  • [[Ibex]]es are effectively flattened by countershading, making them nearly invisible against a desert background. There are three in the image.
  • The sea slug ''[[Glaucus atlanticus]]'' swims and is countershaded upside-down.
  • Colours used are Non-Specular Sea Blue, Intermediate Blue, White.}} [[Grumman F6F Hellcat]]
  • The [[honey badger]] is reverse countershaded, a form of [[aposematism]] (warning coloration).
  • camouflaged by silvering]], and when seen from above it has a bold [[disruptive pattern]].}}
  • book on camouflage]] of a Luna [[caterpillar]] ''[[Actias luna]]''<br/>a) in position b) inverted.
  • Thayer's 1902 patent application. He failed to convince the US Navy.
  • Many animals, such as this [[grey reef shark]], are countershaded.
  • Thayer's "White fowl, lacking counter-shading, against a flat white cloth."

OBLITERATIVE      

الفعل

طَمَسَ ; مَحَا ; مَحَا الشَّيْءَ

obliterative      
مُسِدّ ; طامِس
obliterative      
‎ مُسِدّ ; طامِس‎

تعريف

Obliterative
·adj Tending or serving to obliterate.

ويكيبيديا

Countershading

Countershading, or Thayer's law, is a method of camouflage in which an animal's coloration is darker on the top or upper side and lighter on the underside of the body. This pattern is found in many species of mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, and insects, both in predators and in prey.

When light falls from above on a uniformly coloured three-dimensional object such as a sphere, it makes the upper side appear lighter and the underside darker, grading from one to the other. This pattern of light and shade makes the object appear solid, and therefore easier to detect. The classical form of countershading, discovered in 1909 by the artist Abbott Handerson Thayer, works by counterbalancing the effects of self-shadowing, again typically with grading from dark to light. In theory this could be useful for military camouflage, but in practice it has rarely been applied, despite the best efforts of Thayer and, later, in the Second World War, of the zoologist Hugh Cott.

The precise function of various patterns of animal coloration that have been called countershading has been debated by zoologists such as Hannah Rowland (2009), with the suggestion that there may be multiple functions including flattening and background matching when viewed from the side; background matching when viewed from above or below, implying separate colour schemes for the top and bottom surfaces; outline obliteration from above; and a variety of other largely untested non-camouflage theories. A related mechanism, counter-illumination, adds the creation of light by bioluminescence or lamps to match the actual brightness of a background. Counter-illumination camouflage is common in marine organisms such as squid. It has been studied up to the prototype stage for military use in ships and aircraft, but it too has rarely or never been used in warfare.

The reverse of countershading, with the belly pigmented darker than the back, enhances contrast and so makes animals more conspicuous. It is found in animals that can defend themselves, such as skunks. The pattern is used both in startle or deimatic displays and as a signal to warn off experienced predators. However, animals that habitually live upside-down but lack strong defences, such as the Nile catfish and the Luna moth caterpillar, have upside-down countershading for camouflage.